Climate tech startups need strong techno-economic analysis

This might be our wonkiest topic yet: techno-economic analysis, or TEA.

Before a startup has proven that its technology is commercially viable, it models how its technology would work. These TEAs include things like assumptions about inputs, prices and the market landscape. They help investors and entrepreneurs answer the question: Can this technology compete?

TEAs are important to the success of an early-stage climatetech company. And a lot of startups get them wrong. As an investor at Energy Impact Partners (EIP), Shayle and his team see a lot of TEAs — and they have some pet peeves.

What can startups do to improve their TEAs?

In this episode of Catalyst, Shayle talks to his colleagues Greg Thiel, EIP’s director of technology, and Melissa Ball, EIP’s associate director of technology. They cover topics including:

• Bad assumptions about variables such as levelized cost of production.
• Focusing on an individual component rather than an entire system.
• Zeroing in on unhelpful metrics.
• Using false precision — something Shayle calls ​“modeling theater.”

Recommended resources

• Activate: Techonomics: Establishing best practices in early-stage technology modeling
• Department of Energy: Techno-economic, Energy & Carbon Heuristic Tool for Early-Stage Technologies
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory: Techno-economic analysis

Sign up for Latitude Media’s Frontier Forum on January 31, featuring Crux CEO Alfred Johnson, who will break down the budding market for clean energy tax credits. We’ll dissect current transactions and pricing, compare buyer and seller expectations, and look at where the market is headed in 2024.

Transcript

Shayle Kann: I'm Shayle Kann, and this is Catalyst.

Dr. Greg Thiel: So, you can spend a lot of time on individual parts of a TEA, which you may end up having to throw out later down the line because the system design change because you learn something else that was relevant in another part of the TEA.

Shayle Kann: There's a right, and a wrong way to do economic analysis for novel climate technologies. Stay with me, we'll see what's what. I'm Shayle Khan. I invest in revolutionary climate technologies at Energy Impact Partners. Welcome. So, I think most of you know this already, but I lead what we call our frontier fund at EIP. This is a $485 million fund that we launched a couple of years ago, and it's dedicated to investing in what we call revolutionary climate technologies. So, in this strategy, we're nearly always investing in some form of hard technology, and we're usually investing before that, technology is fully commercial, and mature, and proven. So, when we're evaluating a company for potential investment, our diligence is more about the team, and the market, and the technology than it is about the financial metrics, at least at that point.

And when we launched this fund, we knew we needed to do things a little bit differently, given that our strategy was to invest in these frontier technologies, we knew that one of the core components of our approach was going to have to be to build our own internal technical chops, and to develop some muscles that we could strengthen to be able to quickly, and accurately evaluate the risk reward trade for hard tech in climate. So, we built a tech team, and that tech team turned out to be far more valuable than I'd even imagined when we decided to build it, and really our secret sauce in this fund. I'm excited to have this week's guests who comprise our tech team, Dr. Greg Thiel, and Dr. Melissa Ball, both from EIP, and the topic that we talk through is one that is near, and dear to their, and my heart as well. Basically nearly every company we evaluate, one of the first jobs is to review that company's techno economic analysis, or TEA.

So, we've seen literally hundreds of them, and it is no exaggeration to say that TEAs have been the factor that have driven us to get conviction, or to lose it many, many times. So, it's super important, and we think it is often done poorly even sometimes by very experienced entrepreneurs. So, we have a lot of thoughts about it. Greg actually has internally developed the nickname Dr. TEA. So, this week we're going to talk about it specifically how to do, and how not to do TEA for novel climate technologies. What purpose does it serve? How much precision should we focus on, and what are the major pitfalls that we often see as companies are starting to develop their technologies, and figure out where it might fit in the market. So, I've been wanting to do this one for a very long time. I'm very excited about it. Here we go. Greg, and Mel, welcome.

Dr. Melissa Ball: Hey, Shayle, thanks for having me on.

Dr. Greg Thiel: Glad to be here.

Shayle Kann: I can't tell you how excited I am for this conversation that the three of us have regularly anyway, but now we get to have more formally, and in front of microphones to talk about economic analysis. Okay, so I'm going to start with you Greg, Dr. TEA, as we call you internally, you get to answer this initial question, which is I think people probably understand what techno economic analysis is, but from your perspective, why is it important enough that we should dedicate an hour of conversation now in front of a lot of people to it? What is the importance of it, and what purpose do you think of it as really serving beyond just having a model that climate tech startups can show investors in the data room?

Dr. Greg Thiel: I think it's something that is a useful tool at every stage of technology development. From the get go, when you're mulling around ideas, it's helpful for you to be able to, it's a way for you to be able to say, can this technology that I'm thinking about, this idea that I'm mulling over, can it even compete in the marketplace today? And I think as you start with a back of the envelope analysis, and kind of refine it over time, and figure out what numbers, where the sensitivities are, where the limits are, and refine your estimates over time, it helps you develop a sort of roadmap to techno economic success. So, it can help you define targets. If the thing that I'm working on isn't economic today, what does it have to do? What metrics does it have to meet in order to be competitive in the marketplace?

And I think by exploring maybe a level further, in terms of sensitivities, and limits in the model, it helps you figure out what matters, what design decisions matter to affordability, and hitting the customer value prop, and which don't. And when you're a small company, and you've got limited engineering, and scientific resources, it helps you prioritize.

Shayle Kann: Yeah, I think of it in some ways, particularly, the early days if you're trying to build some novel technology, if it's the type of thing that we would get excited about, then almost inherently it requires some degree of magical thinking like in the early days, you have to believe something can be built that has never been built before by definition, basically. But you have to understand what degree of magical thinking, and in what specific way, and what is it going to take to get there? And all those things are born out of techno economic modeling even in the early days.

Dr. Melissa Ball: I want to add one thing there. I think we said that we think everyone might know what it is, and I know this is something that comes up here internally, but I think I certainly knew before EIP what a technical economic model was mostly also y'all as part of the case study, we have to do one to be hired, but I think it really depends. A lot of the founders coming from academia, some of our founders are engineers, and I think they're going to know probably a lot more about what this means, and how to do it. My background is chemistry, and I think that the chemist in the room, and maybe some of the physicists, or those disciplines, it might not be obvious. So, I think it's one of the reasons, this episode in particular, I'm super excited to do it, because I think it really highlights to all of our founders, whether they're engineers, or they're a chemist, or whatever their discipline, what it is, why it's important, and how they can use it.

Shayle Kann: That is a good point. Okay, so here's what I think we should do. We obviously could spend a long time just talking about what is TEA, and how to do it, and all that, but I think the more interesting way to do it is, basically, for each of us to lay out our pet peeves about things that we've seen from having looked at hundreds, literally hundreds of TEA models, and analyses on the things that are commonly done wrong. And we should do it as much as possible with the frame of actual examples in climate tech, and figure out through that vein like, okay, what is the right way to do it? So, Mel, I'm going to start with you name a pet peeve in TEA models.

Dr. Melissa Ball: I am so excited for this. So, number one pet peeve for me would be unreasonable assumptions. So, I think we probably have a few examples in all of our brains. My number one here to the spirit of an example is this tension between capacity factor, and electricity price. And so let's kind of unpack it a bit. So, capacity factor, I think most people might know what that is, but in the highest level it's your actual output divided by your theoretical output. So, if you could have continuous operation, so in power generation it's your actual megawatt hours divided by your nameplate capacity times by the number of hours in a year. And so we know in some power generation like nuclear, that's going to be really high. And then in some power generations like solar, or wind, we're thinking more of like a capacity factor, 30% of a really good solar resource, 50% really good wind resource.

And so if we unpack energy cost, often what we see in these TEAs, or what I would say are a levelized cost of energy. And so ignoring capacity factor, why I think that's independently not the right energy cost to put in your TEA is that, essentially, what the end customer is paying is a generation plus a transmission, or distribution, or basically you need to generate that energy, and then you need to get it to where you want it to be. And so I think when you put the two together, this is where my pet peeve is. If you're going to be in climate tech, you want to be green. And so you're almost certainly tethering yourself to a renewable source, which means your capacity factor isn't going to be 100%. So, it's kind of like having your cake, and eating it, too, to want two cent electricity at 100% capacity factor. I don't know where that exists, or if it does exist, I think everyone's going to want that gigawatt, and there's going to be extreme competition for that gigawatt. And so that would be my number one pet peeve here.

Shayle Kann: Yes, totally agreed. Just to unpack this one a little bit more, so this is a problem for companies for who their technology is using electricity as a primary input, and what you see often, I think, are people who are at the macro level trying to draw upon this future trend of declining cost of renewables, and saying, because of the declining cost of renewables, it's going to be economic for me to electrify X whatever. I'm going to produce chemicals, I'm going to produce fuel, I'm going to make steel, I'm going to whatever it might be. But in order to do so, what they often do take the cost of renewables, and you already made this point. Cost versus delivered price of electricity, two different things, but they take the cost of renewables, and then they also assume that they will have that cost 24/7. And those two things are pretty incompatible outside of hydropower in Quebec, right?

At best, it really limits your geographic applicability. At worst, it's totally impossible to achieve. So, I totally agree with you on if you're using an electrified process, what you actually should do is figure out real delivered cost of electricity to customers who look like what you will end up being, which is very different if you're like a big industrial facility versus a residential customer, or something like that. And then assume those costs, and if you want to take a bet that they're going to decline somewhat over time, you could take that bet though that is not the historical trend, but that's what you should be looking at. As you said, two cent per kilowatt hour, electricity at 100% capacity factor is not a thing that you should be betting on, or at least not a thing you should be relying on for your economics to pencil.

Dr. Melissa Ball: I think that's right. I think also in the spare what Greg mentioned on the point of what TEA is understanding your sensitivities, and limits, so what I would say is the levelized cost of energy doesn't equal what you're going to pay, which doesn't equal what you should necessarily put in your TEA. And I think if you want to put that two cent in for that rosier world that we all want to believe in, I think on the flip side what you said is right, have that range where you can see how economic... If you don't get the rosiest assumptions, are you still in the money?

Shayle Kann: And it's not just electricity that we see as one of these unreasonable inputs. I think we also see this oftentimes even if the inputs are on the molecule side, right?

Dr. Melissa Ball: No, totally. I think I'm very passionate about this one being an organic chemist, and the idea that organics, I.E., those molecules that are made from hydrogen, and carbon, so hydrocarbons are cheap, and it's the relic of being an organic chemist, which usually these people are coming from that discipline, and we write it in all our papers, and that's the promise of using organics. But organic molecules that I.E., those made from carbon, and hydrogen are not always cheap. And the reason is, is that there's purification. So, again, even that system boundary really matters because your yield matters a lot, and your purification matters a lot. And so a good example is redox flow batteries. One of the active species is an organic molecule, and everyone pencils in something that's really, really cheap on a dollar per kilogram basis.

I think that the way that I like to think about it is I bound it like ethylene, one of the most ubiquitous organic molecules there is a dollar per kilogram, and I don't think you're probably going to come close to that. So, in that example, it's how cheap does that organic need to be to be competitive, and you have to get really close to ethylene to try, and beat LFP, or vanadium redox flow batteries in order to be competitive. So, it's also one of those system versus system boundary ones as well.

Shayle Kann: Right. Okay. So, we've talked about two categories of unreasonable input so far, but Greg, I feel like there's some others that I've heard you rail against. Is there anything else that springs to mind for you for unreasonable inputs?

Dr. Greg Thiel: Yeah, there's one that really does spring to mind as a pet peeve as much as I hate to air that out loud, but that one is free waste heat, and I think [inaudible 00:14:32]

Shayle Kann: I thought that's what you were going to say. I was taking a guess in my head.

Dr. Greg Thiel: I saw it on your face. Look, I'm a thermal engineer at my core, and am, and will always be. And so if I can find a way to use waste heat, and make my process more efficient, I'm going to do it. And I think everybody should. When you look at the availability of waste heat out there, there's a lot of it, and it can be tempting to look at that, and say, "Hey, that's all just being wasted. Why can't we use that, and improve our energy efficiency, or improve our heat recovery, or do something with it that's useful?" And that's really tempting, and I get that, but I think when you start to do more detailed TEAs, what you can see is that the cost of integrating that waste heat maybe outweigh its benefits maybe too big.

And so if waste heat is in the form of slow flowing flue gas that's at kind of moderate temperature, that can add up to a lot on a big sort of energy system model. But when you start looking at a process, and you've got to put a big heat exchanger around a long, long pipe, it just might be too expensive to be worth it.

Shayle Kann: That's a good one. What do you guys think about, I mean another category that I think is an interesting one within this, the input assumptions that drive your costs. Are input assumptions around things that are currently very expensive, but you want to take a bet on them getting cheaper. So, maybe the classic example of this would be e-fuels where we're talking about synthetic jet fuel, and that kind of thing. Your primary input costs into that are hydrogen, and CO2. And if you were to produce synthetic jet fuel today at today's hydrogen prices, particularly clean hydrogen prices, which is the point, and if you were to use atmospheric CO2, or biogenic CO2, which you certainly need to do from an emissions perspective, at the end of the day, no matter how good your SAF technology is, that's going to be incredibly expensive jet fuel.

So, every single one of these TEAs in that space has a combination of assumptions around their technology specifically getting higher yield, or lower cost, or CapEx, or whatever it might be, but also assuming some measure of decline in the delivered cost of CO2, and hydrogen, how do you think about that portion of it, and what's reasonable for those input assumptions, and what's not?

Dr. Greg Thiel: That's a hard one, and I think it's one that varies depending on as you say, the timeframe that you're looking at, the geography that you're looking at, and so forth, and so on. So, I think if you're going to needle me here to put a number on it, I would say I think about it more, not in terms of what's achievable today, but what you have to do in order to hit competitiveness to go back to the spirit of the TEA, and defining targets. And you know that for a fuel, if you want to get anywhere close to economically competitive subsidies decide you have to have hydrogen that's going to be on the order of a dollar per kilogram, and you have to have CO2 that's in that 100 to $200 per ton range, and that CO2 has to be CO2 that's coming, as you say, from the atmosphere, or from a biogenic source. Otherwise, the fuel won't be truly carbon neutral.

Dr. Melissa Ball: I think also on that one going a level deeper in TEA, so what you have to believe to believe the hydrogen price will go down. I think that's something that we also try, and do. So, it's not just we want to believe in that assumption, it's what's driving the price CapEx energy, what do we have to believe in those two components, and then I think bound it there, and then get comfortable with that in number.

Shayle Kann: All right, so if I can encapsulate this first category then on unreasonable inputs, it's basically, again, you're going to have to assume something, in terms of your core technology that is going to be challenging in the first place. If you add on the additional layer of that, of whatever input, is it waste heat, is it hydrogen, is it CO2, whatever, is it electricity? Whatever it is. If that is an additional layer of magical thinking, it makes it all the more difficult to sort of believe the overall picture. So, try to isolate your magical thinking to the technology leap that you need to take in the first place, because that is within your control much more so than the inputs that you're going to get. Okay, Greg, your turn. Give us a pet peeve.

Dr. Greg Thiel: I don't know if I can call this as much a pet peeve as just I think a common pitfall that I've probably been guilty of in my own techno economic analysis journey, and that one is thinking about a component instead of a system. So, I think this applies whether you're building a widget, or you're making a new process to make power, or a fuel, or a chemical, or what have you. It's really tempting when you're thinking about what does it cost to make any of those things to think about the core component itself, the widget bill of materials cost, or the core equipment in your chemical process, but in reality the cost of production of any of those things is more than just the core componentry. It's more than just the bill of materials cost, and thinking about a chemical, or a fuel synthesis type process.

The core equipment might only, or the total installed cost of a facility might be two, three, four even more times the cost of the core componentry itself. And so if you end up focusing on just the core componentry, you might miss the actual cost of what it's going to take to do what you want to do.

Shayle Kann: Can you give a good representative example?

Dr. Greg Thiel: Yeah, I mean I think maybe an easy one there is battery systems. There's a lot of focus, and there should be a lot of technical R&D focus on the cell, because that's where all the magic happens. But when you start thinking about deploying those systems, it's more than just a cell that you're going to put on the grid to provide some set of services, and grid storage. You're going to be deploying a system that has all those other things beyond sell that make up balance of system in a total system.

Shayle Kann: Yeah, and it becomes even more of a problem to think about things that way as these markets get even more mature. Both batteries, and solar are good examples of this where the prices that get reported these days in the case of batteries, or cell prices often, and people in fact just recently have been like there's been much noise about battery cell prices getting below a hundred dollars per kilowatt hour. That is not representative of the system cost, particularly if we're talking about stationary storage of the delivered cost, turnkey cost of a battery system. And in solar, because it's more mature market, it's even more extreme where you can talk about the cost of the solar module even not the cell. And in utility scale solar, the module is a minority share of the overall project cost. And so most of the costs now fall into a combination of the balance of systems, and then increasingly not the hardware, right?

It's labor, and interconnection, and permitting, and all these other things. And so as a overall share of the total system, that core component, which admittedly is, as you said, where all the magic happens becomes less, and less important over time. I think as what we see it when we're looking at early stage companies in new markets, or new technologies, to me the version that we see a lot that is challenging is there's a lot of focus on this core component, which is where the special sauce is for whatever the company is trying to build, but they don't have a full appreciation for how big a portion of the overall system cost their thing is. So, maybe they're 50% better than state-of-the-art on their core thing, but maybe their core thing is 20% of the overall system costs. And so in total the savings the system level are pretty low. Mel, I know you've, in fact we've had a few recent examples where you've pointed this out.

Dr. Melissa Ball: No, I love that example, and I actually love this category in general. I think it really speaks to me, because it seems if you're in an academic lab, you're trying to often solve a fundamental science problem. But, to me, the difference between that, and a startup is there is this where you draw your system boundary, and so your system boundary when you're a PhD student is really different. It's one small thing that you work on for five plus years, and then you start a company. And so upstream, and downstream of that secret sauce really matters. And to speak to one of your examples, I think we saw this a lot in the modular ammonia space where the secret sauce is on this low pressure, low temperature relatively reactor, and that's a really nice to have. But what we found doing our own internal work is that upstream of your ammonia reactor, there's two things you need. You need a hydrogen source, and you need a nitrogen source.

And those scale down well that they can be prohibitively expensive. And so when you think, again where you draw that system boundary, if you draw it just around the ammonia CapEx, you're going to miss it. You're going to miss that nitrogen source, and hydrogen source that is really the bulk of where the lovewise costs come from.

Shayle Kann: Yeah, and in that case, it's another example too of maybe you can build a much better reactor, but if ultimately the costs are dominated by producing hydrogen, and nitrogen, and you don't have any special sauce in that component, you plan to use off the shelf stuff, then your overall unit economics are driven more by those things than they are by whatever you're building.

Dr. Melissa Ball: Exactly.

Dr. Greg Thiel: I think there's a few other examples in this category that are a little bit different, too. Sometimes you can end up focusing only on one component, and if you don't look at it in a systems context, you can miss the trades that decisions you're making about how a component is to be designed, or is to be operated can affect the system performance, cost, et cetera. And so one of my favorite examples there is thinking about EV drive trains, as I'm sure everyone here knows that the biggest, biggest single line item cost in electric vehicle is the batteries. And a lot of the drivetrain power conversion equipment, motors, and so forth are really, really efficient. And so it could be tempting to, if you're looking at some piece of that drivetrain, say, "Hey, this is already 90% efficient, plus what does efficiency matter here?"

But a few points in efficiency might actually matter a lot at the system level because every kilowatt hour that you waste in the drivetrain is a kilowatt hour that you have to store in your battery, and that's a really, really expensive kilowatt hour to store. So, again, that's sort of thinking about the puts, and takes from a system perspective instead of a component perspective can lead you to a better place.

Shayle Kann: So, first two that we've covered unreasonable inputs into the model. The second is thinking only at the component level, or the core reactor level, or whatever it is, rather than the full system level. All right, let's do another one, Mel, back to you.

Dr. Melissa Ball: All right, another, really, I think something we see often is we're going to call apples to oranges comparison. And so what I mean by that is comparing your levelized cost to something like a market selling price. And so I kind of want to be clear, the apples to oranges is just, apples aren't better than oranges, and vice versa. It's just being super clear on what you're comparing to, and why that matters is the ultimate goal is to make sure your technology is competitive, and understanding the puts, and takes there. And so if you're comparing your levelized cost of production to a market selling price, I usually take a step back, and do you want to make a profit because it's really not the same thing. On top of that production, you've got to get the thing you made to where you want it to be. And then on top of that, presumably, there's a profit to be had. And so I think that's one that I really always squint at when I see, and have to adjust myself.

Shayle Kann: Yeah, and I think that's particularly important because a lot of things in climate tech are ultimately commodity markets, think chemicals, think energy, think fertilizer, whatever it might be. And so they're commodity markets, commodity prices, and those are notoriously difficult to build startups in because they're volatile prices, and all that. But also because price is not cost. And so if you're saying, "Okay, I can produce my thing at factory gate at the same cost, or at 10% lower even than the market price that I've got from some market report", then if you're successful, and you bring your thing into the market, and let's just say you're selling a 10% cheaper, well the real salient question is what is the floor price, which is basically the ongoing cost, the operating cost, of the alternative because otherwise everybody else is going to just drop their price closer to their cost, and you get undercut anyway.

And I think you also made the important point of what ultimately matters is the delivered price to a customer, and they're going to compare two things. Now maybe you think there's going to be a green premium, and you can make that bet, but you should be clear on that if that is the case, at the end of the day you're going to have to deliver a thing to a customer, and it's going to have to be better for some reason, cheaper, or otherwise than the thing that they otherwise would've been buying. Any good examples spring to mind on this one?

Dr. Melissa Ball: Yeah, I was going to say, I think also implicit in this is that the distribution cost are low, and that's from some of whether it's hydrogen, or it's ammonia, or it's energy, that's certainly not true. And I know Greg's also been looking at some of this with hydrogen, but with ammonia we did a deep dive on what those distribution costs could be, and you depending on where you are in the US, or in Allstate, US centered, but this is even more so outside the US, those distribution, and transport costs can be even 2X your production cost. And so it really matters which target you're comparing yourself to, because it's not just 10% off at times it can be way off. And then that really impacts your TEA.

Shayle Kann: The other way I think we think about this one, so there's the problem of comparing your cost to the market price. I think that's fairly straightforward. The other problem is a time horizon one, and this is the one where, or not even just a time horizon one, it's like truly understanding how cheap the competition could be. And so the classic historical example of this in climate tech is all the thin film solar companies that emerged in the late 2000s think CYLINDRA, and BSLA, and all these companies, the value proposition for that suite of technologies was basically we are going to be cheaper than today at that time, today's price of silicon-based solar panels. And it turns out that what happened is that the cost floor of silicon-based solar panels was much, much lower, and it moved much, much faster than anybody expected.

So, by the time all these thin film companies, with the exception of First Solar basically came to market, they were way out of the money because crystal and silicon had fallen much, much cheaper. Greg, I know you've thought a lot about this in today's context as it pertains to batteries, because there's all these new battery chemistries that are being introduced to the market, or hope to be introduced to the market to compete with lithium ion. How do you think about... How cheap do they need to be to beat tomorrow's lithium ion prices? Not today?

Dr. Greg Thiel: Yeah, it's a great point because energy storage, as we all know is critical to decarbonizing the power grid, and grid storage systems still aren't as cheap as we would like them to be, but the question that comes up almost every time we see a new grid energy storage technology, be it a new battery chemistry, or pumped heat, or some sort of crest compressed gas, or variation on compressed air, any of those kinds of things is from a total installed cost perspective, can you beat something like lithium iron phosphate batteries, not just today, but in 2035 given that you're probably going to have a substantial development horizon in front of you, and like you say, the thing to beat won't be LFP 10 years ago at that point, it'll be LFP then. So, I think the numbers that we've landed on in our work are sort of in the $100 to $150 per kilowatt hour total installed system cost. If you can see a path in a pretty clear path to those numbers with your system, then you probably have a pretty good shot of being competitive with future battery chemistries in the 2030s.

Shayle Kann: As compared to... Can you compare that to today's LFP system costs?

Dr. Greg Thiel: Yeah, that might be anywhere from a half to a third of where things are today. So, $200 to $300 per kilowatt hour installed.

Shayle Kann: I mean, the other thing, Greg, that I know I've seen you point out a few times is when somebody is producing something, and they're comparing their levelized cost to what they believe is the right comparison, but it's not thinking about the other technologies that are coming down the pike. And so it's looking at a stagnant view of the future that is just today's technologies maybe improving, maybe not, but the reality is that this is a dynamic world. So, curious how you think about that.

Dr. Greg Thiel: Yeah, totally. Any good benchmarking exercise involves thinking really hard about what actually is state of the art, and that is, as you say, it's a moving target, and especially in climate tech where we're seeing so much innovation happening all the time, it can be hard even in your own field to keep up with what's going on. And so maybe this is a trite example, but one example that we see a lot comes from the world of hydrogen transportation for companies that are looking at novel media for storing hydrogen that they might put on a truck, oftentimes we see benchmarks like steel tube trailers as the mark for cost in moving that hydrogen on a truck.

But in fact, there's been a ton of work in recent years, and beyond on making really high strength lightweight tubes out of composite materials that can store a lot more hydrogen per load than a steel tube trailer look could store, and therefore driving down drastically the cost of transporting hydrogen because you can get more hydrogen per truckload on the trailer. And so since that's such a big lever over the steel tube trailers, if you've got something that's a little bit better than a steel tube trailer, even a lot better than steel tube trailer, and you're not looking at that composite tube benchmark, you might be giving yourself a false sense of how much better you are than where the industry is today.

Shayle Kann: Right. Greg, I feel like one more that we've talked about a lot is when people are building a TEA, what are the metrics that they're focused on versus what are the metrics that really matter? How do you think about that?

Dr. Greg Thiel: Yeah, so the last one in some ways kind of relates back to the system versus componentry story, but it's focusing on the wrong metric, or maybe solving the wrong problem. I think there's a translational issue specifically that arises when companies are coming out of R&D heavy environments, and they're trying to make a venture backable startup. And it was something that Mel, I think alluded to nicely earlier. I think in R&D there can be a tendency to focus on core performance, metrics, be it deficiency, or power density, or conversion in a chemical catalysis, or chemical reaction sense, something like that. And I'm not here to knock on a focus on any of those. I think they're great goals, and they can move the needle, but from a venture perspective, we're always looking for things that can move the needle in a big way to justify an investment for us.

And so there are certain systems that you might look at where there's been a relentless focus on something like efficiency, but if you go back to the economic model, and you think about the sensitivities, in terms of energy costs as it contributes to total system production costs, or what have you, you might see that it may not move the needle a whole lot. It may not move the needle a whole lot compared to other costs in the system. And so a focus on efficiency just might not be the right prioritization for making your system better, and cheaper.

Dr. Melissa Ball: Greg, in that example, does that have a function of capacity factor as well? So, in that energy example, so energy consumption versus CapEx, CapEx could matter more to our earlier point about if you're operating at a reduced capacity factor. Is that kind of what you're touching on?

Dr. Greg Thiel: Absolutely.

Shayle Kann: Can you give a real world example of this one in action?

Dr. Greg Thiel: Yeah, I mean, I think one that comes to mind is green methanol synthesis, and this isn't an efficiency story, but it's a performance metric story. There's a ton of work in the literature, and I know Mel, you've been digging into this, too, on making better catalysts for converting CO2, and hydrogen into methanol. And again, I'm not trying to knock on that. I think there's room for improvement, and that's good, but from a venture perspective, if you think about that from a process level, if you get a better conversion of CO2, and hydrogen to methanol in a single pass, it just really doesn't move the overall economics in a huge way, because again, back to a previous point, CO2, and hydrogen are the big cost drivers in that system, and so do it great, but it's a hard venture story.

Shayle Kann: I think this one also is one thing that we see sometimes, too, we've been talking a lot about chemical synthesis, and batteries, and stuff like that, and a lot of that has to do with, at the end of the day, what you care about is cost for the most part, but in some cases it's also about what the customer actually cares about, and making sure that you're optimizing for that as opposed to some other metric that isn't as important. So, as an example there, maybe let's just say you're building robots to do weeding for agriculture, or something like that, and you could really, really optimize your CapEx on the robot, but that might actually not matter that much relative to how quickly the robot can move through the field, because that's what the farmer ultimately cares about in how it fits in with their operations.

We see this in mining where there's lots of new technologies to extract minerals in new ways, and sometimes I think we see companies that focus a ton on, I don't know, one metric like maximum extraction. Can you get 99% of the mineral liberated? And that's great, but it's only great if that system also fits in with everything else that matters to the mining operation. So, for example, if you have really bad kinetics, and it takes, you're doing leaching, or something like that, it takes years to get that mineral out, then you have an existing mining operation that can't operate its downstream capacity fast enough, and it's never going to work for them anyway. To me, it's sometimes this one focusing on the wrong problem, or solving the wrong problem. It's about cost ultimately, but other times it's about delivering what matters to your customer.

Dr. Melissa Ball: I love that. It seems like I might even put it in a little bit different words. It seems that it's not solving the wrong metric in order to be successful. There's a combination of a couple of metrics that will really matter. So, the optimization of those metrics is the value that you're trying to deliver to that end customer as well.

Dr. Greg Thiel: I think this also speaks just to the power of techno economic analysis, and the power of, as much as it sounds like a cliche of doing this kind of analysis in teams that have really strong commercial, and technical components. Because techno economic analysis is about technology, and economics in the interplay between those two things. And if you don't have a sense of the customer value proposition, you can end up, as we say, optimizing for the wrong thing. So, doing good work to understand exactly what's driving customer interest, what's driving customer value, is a key part of doing good techno economic analysis. It's not just cost, and engineering modeling.

Shayle Kann: I guess I'll add one more myself just to wrap up, which is in some ways it kind of runs counter to the rest of the examples that we've described, because basically everything else that we've described is like, okay, here's how to not put enough thought into components of the model, or the inputs, or what you actually are optimizing for. So, the implication, I think, collectively of all the other things that we've talked about is you should dedicate a lot of time, and effort to your TEA in order to really understand what business you're building. And I think that is true, but I guess the last thing that is occasionally a pet peeve of mine is seeing TEA models with false precision. Sometimes you'll see a seed stage company with one of these models that's got four decimal places at the end of every number in it. And realistically, there's a lot you can't know, particularly, at the early stages.

And so there's this push-pull dynamic that I'm curious to get both of your perspectives on in terms of, yes, there's a lot of value to be gained from doing this work, but there's also only so much of it that you really can do at a certain stage. And so how do you find that line between what actually adds value, and what is just like modeling theater basically? I don't know, Mel, do you have a view there?

Dr. Melissa Ball: Yeah, I think that, especially, some of the TEAs we've looked at are the founders. They're paying for a TEA. So, some people are using consultants, which I would assume is going to be very expensive. So, back to the top level, it's supposed to be a tool to help drive your technological progress. And so if you're paying good money for this, I'm actually curious y'all's thoughts on that, too. But I think this over specification, my worry with that, and I think we've seen this recently, is that you can essentially miss the forest from the trees. So, if you're so busy counting the power in your pumps, and the number of little widgets, and valves, and et cetera, you might miss something that's really crucial that actually is a driver of your economics, because you were focusing on so much that you didn't hit, really, the couple of things at the stage that you're at that's going to hit allow you to get to the next milestone.

And so I am sensitive to it. I think ultimately when we receive a TEA, I think Greg, and I probably always look at it of course, and I think we independently are making our own so we can teach ourselves what is the drivers in technology, and what should be important at the stage that company's at.

Dr. Greg Thiel: Yeah, I think that's a great point. And I would maybe add a couple of things. One, I think TEA, for me, is something that should be very much thought of as a living document in the sense that it's never too early to start, and you're always going to refine it as you go. So, I think it's also really challenging because sometimes the design at an early stage is still very much in flux. And so you can spend a lot of time on individual parts of a TEA, or individual parts of a system design, which you may end up having to throw out later down the line, because the system design changed, because you learned something else that was relevant in another part of the TEA. So, I think it's better, or it can be helpful just to put error bars, understand the sensitivities on things earlier on, and go down the deeper, more detailed design rabbit holes when the higher level stuff is fixed.

Shayle Kann: Yeah. I guess for me, if I could boil down what is really the purpose of the TEA for early stage deep tech companies in climate? It's, I think it's three things. One is how hard do I have to squint? How much magical thinking does it require for me to reach the promised land? Whatever my version of the promised land is, I'm trying to be 10X better at something than everybody else. How hard is it to believe that? Two, what, as you said, what are the major levers? What are the sensitivities? What swings my success, or failure the most so that I know what I do need to focus on, and can spend less time on the things that I don't? And then third is, what is the critical path? From where I am today to where I need to be? What are the things that I would need to prove, or disprove to reach the next stage in that journey?

And that sets you on a path that is valuable, that also is having real... I think one of the things that I've observed, I'm curious if this is true for you guys as well. The best companies that I've invested in have a really clear view of critical path. This is the next thing that is in front of us, that we have to... This is the we hurdle we need to jump over to prove the next thing in our progression of our technology. And it's not only a TEA thing, but the TEA can really help you figure that out, because you could figure out where those sensitivities are, where you are today, where the biggest delta is, and that'll tell you where your critical path needs to be.

So, if you use TEA to say, "How hard do I need to squint? What are the big sensitivities, and what's my critical path?" I feel like you've done your job. If you're using it to get to a ridiculous level of precision on the cost structure that you expect to achieve in five years, you've probably wasted some time.

Dr. Greg Thiel: 100%

Dr. Melissa Ball: Precious time that can be on doing the technical work.

Shayle Kann: All right, well, this was a lot of fun for me as a fellow TEA enthusiast along with the two of you. We obviously have a lot of thoughts on this topic, but also, I mean, I do think that it's underappreciated how valuable this exercise can be for early stage companies who are building something, particularly, something physical in the types of spaces that tend to dominate climate tech. So, this is, to me, is a mechanical thing, but it's an important one. So, Mel, Greg, thank you so much for talking through it with me.

Dr. Melissa Ball: Great to be with you.

Dr. Greg Thiel: Thanks for having us.

Shayle Kann: Melissa Ball is the Associate Director of Technology with me at EIP. Greg Thiel is our Director of Technology. This show is a co-production of Postscript Media, and Canary Media. You can head over to canary media.com for links to today's topics. Postscript is supported by Prelude Ventures, a venture capital firm that partners with entrepreneurs to address climate change across a range of sectors including advanced energy, food, and ag, transportation, and logistics, advanced materials, and manufacturing, and advanced computing. This episode was produced by Daniel Waldorf, mixing by Roy Campanella, and Sean Markwan theme song by Sean Markwan. I'm Shayle Kann, and this is Catalyst.